What Can Cause Blood Vessels in the Eye to Burst?
Noticing a bright red spot on the white of your eye can be alarming. This condition, known as a subconjunctival hemorrhage, occurs when small blood vessels beneath the conjunctiva—the clear layer covering the white part of the eye—rupture and bleed.
While it often looks dramatic, it’s usually harmless and resolves on its own. However, it naturally raises the question: What can cause blood vessels in the eye to burst? The causes range from everyday activities to underlying health conditions. In this article, we’ll explore the reasons behind this phenomenon, how to manage it, and when to seek medical attention.
Understanding Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
A subconjunctival hemorrhage happens when tiny blood vessels, called capillaries, break and leak blood under the conjunctiva. Unlike deeper eye structures, the conjunctiva can’t absorb blood quickly, so it pools and creates a visible red patch. This patch may cover a small area or spread across much of the sclera (the white part of the eye).
Despite its striking appearance, a subconjunctival hemorrhage is typically painless and doesn’t affect vision. It often clears up within one to two weeks as the body reabsorbs the blood. However, understanding what can cause blood vessels in the eye to burst can help you determine if it’s a one-time occurrence or a sign of something more serious.
Common Causes of Burst Blood Vessels in the Eye
Several factors can lead to a subconjunctival hemorrhage, many of which are benign and related to everyday activities or minor injuries. Let’s examine the most common causes.
Physical Trauma or Injury
One of the most straightforward causes of a burst blood vessel in the eye is physical trauma. Rubbing your eyes vigorously, getting hit in the eye, or having a foreign object (like dust or an eyelash) irritate the conjunctiva can weaken or rupture capillaries.
For example, an accidental poke from a finger or a scratch from a contact lens can cause this issue. While the hemorrhage itself is harmless, it’s wise to ensure no deeper damage has occurred, especially if the trauma was significant.
Increased Pressure from Coughing, Sneezing, or Vomiting
Sudden increases in pressure within the body can also cause blood vessels in the eye to burst. Activities like forceful coughing, sneezing, or vomiting raise the pressure in the blood vessels of the head and neck, including those in the eyes.
This is a common cause, particularly during cold and flu season or in individuals with chronic respiratory conditions like asthma. The pressure spike can be enough to rupture fragile capillaries, leading to a red spot on the eye.
Straining During Physical Activity
Heavy lifting, intense exercise, or straining during a bowel movement (e.g., due to constipation) can increase blood pressure and strain blood vessels. This strain can extend to the capillaries in the eyes, causing them to burst.
Athletes or individuals engaging in strenuous activities may notice this occasionally. While it’s usually harmless, moderating the intensity of physical exertion and staying hydrated can help reduce the risk.
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Chronic high blood pressure can weaken blood vessel walls over time, making them more prone to rupture. While hypertension alone doesn’t always cause a subconjunctival hemorrhage, it can contribute, especially if blood pressure spikes suddenly.
If you have uncontrolled hypertension and experience frequent burst blood vessels in the eye, it’s a sign to consult your doctor. Managing blood pressure through lifestyle changes or medication can prevent this and other complications.
Medical Conditions That Can Cause Burst Blood Vessels
While everyday activities are common triggers, certain medical conditions can also lead to subconjunctival hemorrhages. These may indicate an underlying issue that requires attention.
Blood Clotting Disorders
Conditions that affect blood clotting, such as hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, or thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), can make blood vessels more susceptible to rupture. Platelets and clotting factors help repair damaged vessels, so deficiencies can result in easy bleeding, including in the eyes.
If you have a known clotting disorder or notice frequent unexplained hemorrhages, consult a healthcare provider. Blood tests can assess clotting function and guide treatment.
Medications That Affect Blood Clotting
Certain medications, such as anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, heparin) or antiplatelet drugs (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel), reduce the blood’s ability to clot. While these medications are vital for preventing strokes or heart attacks in some individuals, they can increase the risk of bleeding, including subconjunctival hemorrhages.
Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or aspirin, when taken in high doses, can have similar effects. If you’re on these medications and experience recurrent eye hemorrhages, discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.
Diabetes
Diabetes can damage blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the eyes. High blood sugar levels weaken vessel walls, making them more fragile and prone to rupture. While diabetic retinopathy (a more serious eye condition) affects deeper retinal vessels, poorly controlled diabetes can also contribute to subconjunctival hemorrhages.
Managing blood sugar through diet, exercise, and medication can help protect blood vessels and reduce this risk.
Eye Infections or Inflammation
Infections or inflammation of the eye, such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or uveitis, can irritate and weaken blood vessels, leading to a rupture. Severe infections may also increase pressure in the eye, contributing to the problem.
If the red spot is accompanied by pain, discharge, or vision changes, it could indicate an infection or inflammation rather than a simple hemorrhage. Prompt medical evaluation is essential in these cases.
Less Common Causes of Burst Blood Vessels
While less frequent, other factors can also cause blood vessels in the eye to burst, ranging from systemic illnesses to rare conditions.
Severe Allergic Reactions
In rare cases, severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) can cause blood vessels to burst due to increased pressure or inflammation. This is more likely if the reaction affects the face or eyes, leading to swelling and irritation.
Allergic conjunctivitis, a milder condition, can also cause irritation but is less likely to result in a hemorrhage unless it’s severe. Treating allergies with antihistamines or avoiding triggers can help prevent complications.
Systemic Infections or Illnesses
Certain systemic infections, such as bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart valves) or sepsis, can affect blood vessels and clotting throughout the body. These conditions may lead to subconjunctival hemorrhages as a secondary symptom.
These are serious illnesses requiring immediate medical attention. If you have a fever, fatigue, or other systemic symptoms alongside eye hemorrhages, seek care promptly.
Eye Surgery or Procedures
Recent eye surgery, such as LASIK, cataract removal, or glaucoma treatment, can sometimes cause blood vessels to burst due to pressure changes or trauma during the procedure. This is usually temporary and resolves as the eye heals.
If you’ve had eye surgery and notice a red spot, inform your ophthalmologist. They can assess whether it’s a normal part of recovery or a sign of a complication.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is typically easy to recognize: a bright red patch appears on the white of the eye, often without pain or vision changes. You may feel mild irritation or a sensation of fullness in the eye, but these symptoms are uncommon.
Diagnosis is usually based on appearance alone, as the condition is visually distinct. However, if the hemorrhage recurs, is accompanied by other symptoms (e.g., pain, vision loss), or occurs in both eyes, a doctor may perform additional tests, such as:
- Blood pressure check: To assess hypertension.
- Blood tests: To evaluate clotting factors or blood sugar levels.
- Eye exam: To rule out infections, inflammation, or other eye conditions.
Understanding what can cause blood vessels in the eye to burst often requires considering your medical history, lifestyle, and any recent events.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While a subconjunctival hemorrhage is usually benign, certain situations warrant medical evaluation. Seek care if:
- The red spot doesn’t improve after two weeks
- You experience pain, vision changes, or discharge
- Hemorrhages occur frequently or in both eyes
- You have a known clotting disorder or are on blood-thinning medication
- The hemorrhage follows significant trauma or is accompanied by systemic symptoms (e.g., fever, bruising elsewhere)
An eye doctor or general practitioner can determine the cause and recommend appropriate steps.
Treatment and Management
In most cases, a subconjunctival hemorrhage requires no specific treatment and resolves on its own within one to two weeks. However, you can take steps to manage symptoms and address underlying causes.
Home Care
To ease mild discomfort, apply artificial tears to lubricate the eye and reduce irritation. Avoid rubbing the eye, as this can worsen the hemorrhage or introduce infection. If the appearance bothers you, it will gradually fade as the blood is reabsorbed.
Addressing Underlying Causes
If a specific cause is identified, addressing it can prevent recurrence. For example:
- Hypertension: Manage blood pressure with diet, exercise, or medication.
- Clotting issues: Adjust medications under medical supervision or treat clotting disorders.
- Diabetes: Control blood sugar levels through lifestyle and medical management.
- Infections: Use prescribed antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drops for eye infections.
Preventing Recurrence
To reduce the risk of future hemorrhages:
- Avoid rubbing your eyes or engaging in activities that increase eye pressure.
- Manage blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
- Use protective eyewear during sports or hazardous activities.
- Stay hydrated and avoid excessive straining during physical exertion.
The Emotional Impact of Burst Blood Vessels
While a subconjunctival hemorrhage is typically harmless, its appearance can cause anxiety or embarrassment, especially if it’s noticeable to others. Understanding that it’s a common and usually benign condition can provide reassurance. If the emotional impact is significant, talking to a healthcare provider or loved ones can help alleviate concerns.
Conclusion
So, what can cause blood vessels in the eye to burst? The answer includes a range of factors, from everyday triggers like coughing, sneezing, or trauma to medical conditions like hypertension, clotting disorders, or diabetes.
While a subconjunctival hemorrhage is often harmless and self-resolving, recurrent or symptomatic cases may signal an underlying issue that needs attention.
By recognizing the causes, monitoring symptoms, and seeking medical advice when necessary, you can manage this condition effectively. Most importantly, maintaining overall health—through proper blood pressure control, eye protection, and regular check-ups—can minimize the risk and keep your eyes healthy and comfortable.
FAQs
1. What can cause blood vessels in the eye to burst frequently?
Frequent hemorrhages may be caused by high blood pressure, blood-thinning medications, clotting disorders, or chronic eye irritation. Consult a doctor for evaluation.
2. Is a burst blood vessel in the eye dangerous?
Usually, no. A subconjunctival hemorrhage is typically harmless and resolves on its own. However, if it’s painful, persistent, or accompanied by vision changes, seek medical attention.
3. How long does it take for a burst blood vessel in the eye to heal?
It usually heals within 7-14 days as the body reabsorbs the blood. If it lasts longer, consult a healthcare provider.
4. Can stress cause blood vessels in the eye to burst?
Stress alone doesn’t directly cause it, but activities associated with stress—like forceful coughing or straining—can increase pressure and lead to a hemorrhage.
5. Should I see a doctor for a red spot in my eye?
See a doctor if the spot is painful, affects vision, recurs frequently, or is accompanied by other symptoms like bruising or systemic illness.
